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Belief System Dynamics

Can we understand belief systems as systems?

Figure 2 from Brandt, Sibley, & Osborne, 2019

Figure 2 from Brandt, Sibley, & Osborne, 2019

The typical approach in the attitudes literature is to study one attitude at a time. However, our work on worldview conflict shows that people’s attitudes and values are interdependent. What happens when we treat an attitude as interdependent, rather than as a separate entity disconnected from other attitudes and values? Our research program on belief system dynamics does just this. In particular, We explore how the connections between people’s attitudes and values – their belief systems – affect how attitudes develop and change.

We use multiple methods, including computational models, experiments, panel studies, and their combinations to document belief system dynamics. This work gives us insight into the central attitudes of societal conflict, the most effective routes to persuasion, and inspiration for new approaches to promote democratic resiliance.

Related publications

  • Van Noord, J., Turner-Zwinkels, F., Kesberg, R., Brandt, M. J., Easterbrook, M. J., Kuppens, T., & Spruyt, B. (2025). The nature and structure of European belief systems: Exploring the varieties of belief systems across 23 European countries. European Sociological Review, 41, 143-161. doi | pdf
  • Hasan, K. F. A., Yustisia, W., Milla, M. N., & Brandt, M. J. (2025). What is the most important issue in the political belief system in Indonesia? A network analysis of attitude and voting behavior in 2014 and 2019. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 29, 115-136. doi | pdf
  • Johnson, B. B., Brandt, M. J., Turner-Zwinkels, F., & Swedlow, B. (in press). How alike are universal values, moral foundations, cultural theory, and cultural cognition theory? A comparison of theories, concepts, and measures. Social Science Quarterly. doi | pdf
  • Kteily, N. S.+ & Brandt, M. J.+ (2025). Ideology: Psychological similarities and differences across the ideological spectrum re-examined. Annual Review of Psychology, 76, 501-529. +shared authorship doi | pdf
  • Turner-Zwinkels, F. M., van Noord, J., Kesberg, R., Garcia-Sanchez, E., Brandt, M. J., Kuppens, T., Easterbrook, M. J., Turner-Zwinkels, T., Gorska, P. Marchlewska, M., & Smets, L. (2025). Affective polarization and political belief systems: The role of political identity, and the content and structure of political beliefs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 51, 222-238. doi | pdf | code
  • Zmigrod, L., Brandt, M. J., & Arceneaux, K. (2025). The organization (and disorganization) of attitudes. In E. C. Busby, C. F. Karpowitz, & C. J. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of Innovations in Political Psychology (pp. 304-328). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. doi | pdf
  • Turner-Zwinkels, F. M. & Brandt, M. J. (2024). Ideology strength vs. party identity strength: Ideology strength is the key predictor of attitude stability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 51, 125-138. doi | pdf | code
  • Brandt, M. J. & Vallabha, S. (2023). Inter-attitude centrality does not appear to reduce persuasion for political attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 53, 1342-1358. doi | pdf | code | data
  • Brandt, M. J. (2022). Measuring the belief system of a person. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123, 830-853. doi | pdf | code | data
  • Brandt, M. J., Aron, A., Parker, M., Rodas, C., & Shaffer, M. (2022). Leftists possess more national consensus in Europe in one of two datasets. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13, 862-874. doi | pdf | code
  • Brandt, M. J. & Morgan, G. S. (2022). Between-person methods provide limited insight about within-person belief systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123, 621-635.  doi | pdf | code | data
  • Curry, O. S. Alfano, M., Brandt, M. J., & Pelican, C. (2022). Moral molecules: Morality as a combinatorial system. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 13, 1039-1058. doi | pdf
  • Kodapanakkal, R. I., Brandt, M. J., Kogler, C., & van Beest, I. (2022). Moral frames are persuasive and moralize attitudes; nonmoral frames are persuasive and de-moralize attitudes. Psychological Science, 33, 433-449. doi | pdf | code | data
  • Kodapanakkal, R. I., Brandt, M. J., Kogler, C., & van Beest, I. (2022). Moral relevance varies due to inter-individual and intra-individual differences across big data technology domains. European Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 46-70. doi | pdf | code | data
  • Turner-Zwinkels, F. M. & Brandt, M. J. (2022). Belief system networks can be used to predict where to expect dynamic constraint. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 100, 104279. doi | pdf
  • Brandt, M. J., He, J., & Bender, M. (2021). Registered report: Testing ideological asymmetries in measurement invariance. Assessment, 28, 687-708. doi | pdf | code
  • Brandt, M. J., & Sleegers, W. W. A. (2021). Evaluating belief system networks as a theory of political belief system dynamics. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 25, 159-185. doi | pdf | code
  • Turner-Zwinkels, F. M., Sibley, C. G., Johnson, B. B., & Brandt, M. J. (2021). Conservatives moral foundations are more densely connected than liberals’ moral foundations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47, 167-184. doi | pdf | code
  • Brandt, M. J. (2020). Estimating and examining the replicability of belief system networks. Collabra: Psychology, 6, 24. doi | pdf | code
  • Crawford, J. T. & Brandt, M. J. (2020). Ideological (a)symmetries in prejudice and intergroup bias. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 40-45. doi | pdf
  • Brandt, M. J., Sibley, C., & Osborne, D. (2019). What is central to belief system networks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 1352-1364.  doi | pdf | code
  • Voelkel, J. G., & Brandt, M. J. (2019). The effect of ideological identification on the endorsement of moral values depends on the target group. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 851-863.  doi | pdf | code | data
  • Rutjens, B. T., & Brandt, M. J. (Eds.). (2018). Belief systems and the perception of reality. Abington, UK: Routledge. doi | pdf
  • Skitka, L. J., Wisneski, D. C., & Brandt, M. J. (2018). Attitude moralization: Probably not intuitive or rooted in perceptions of harm. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27, 9-13. doi | pdf
  • Wetherell, G., Brandt, M. J., & Reyna, C. (2013) Discrimination across the ideological divide: The role of perceptions of value violations and abstract values in discrimination by liberals and conservatives. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 658-667. doi | pdf